ICT information communication technology

                                      

                            The concepts understanding ICT

1) Historical perspective

ICT- information and communication technology as a concept of provision of information and literacy in developed countries has been traced far back 1944 as per the development of security, governance, trade and social responses in the world and intercontinental communication network. Mathew .D (2006), the later innovation and utilization of technology in Africa as early as 1960s was another step towards improving the state of transaction between Africa and the rest of the world, it was most adopted as purely a public asset and was used in big organizations, multinational companies and government agencies but today its is being used at individual levels to support data storage, communication through mobile devices.

In recent development and growth of ICT sector most of the developing countries have with time embraced and used technology in struggle to save guide and protect their information. social media application on mobile phones have changed the ideology of most of the people in Somalia this started late 1980s and the raising trend in utilization, promotion and innovation of this sector has been attributed to fair budgetary allocation of finance to the ministry of ICT as according to national press release 12th. Dec. 2006 annual growth and population index on mobile handsets where statistical analysis was achieved, even now application of electronic commerce in companies is taking course in order to promote efficiency in business process mostly in the banking sector and educational institutions are incorporating ICT alongside professional courses

2) Theoretical perspective 

ICT development was regarded as a concern only for developed economies because only these economies were capable of mobilizing resources to promote the sector, and because the growth effects of ICT are thought to materialize only when a threshold of users is reached Kenny, and Qiang, 2003, Roller and Waverman, 2001). However, recent research shows that the positive impacts of ICT can be felt earlier because ICT is like other utilities such as water, electricity, and transportation (Tcheng and others, 2007). As fixed investment has positive effects on economic growth, investment in public infrastructure such as telecommunications can also be growth-enhancing. For instance, Haacker (2010) notes that low and middle income countries benefit from capital deepening arising from falling prices of ICT equipment. Datta and Agarwal (2004) pointed out that the economic benefits of ICT can be direct, through increases of employment and demand, and can also be indirect, notably through social returns (see Table 1). Lewin and Sweet (2005) stress that the direct effects can come from the supply side, that is, the supply of telecommunication services. This supply of telecommunication networks generates employment for manufacturers, administrators, network builders, system managers, and also employment through new retailing networks. ICT supply also affects government revenues through income taxes on companies and on employees, VAT, and social security contributions. Moreover, ICT supply influences the balance of payments as it increases foreign direct investment (FDI) flows. The increase in FDI is due to new FDI in telecommunication services. Also, foreign companies are more likely to invest in countries with increased ICT development. According to Lewin and Sweet (2005), indirect social returns also come from ICT use which improves market functioning and increases trade. Investments in ICT are cost saving as communication systems lower transaction costs (Datta and Agarwal, 2004, and Waverman, Meschi, and Fuss, 2005). By reducing the costs of retrieving information, ICT improves information flows, increases arbitrage abilities, and facilitates price discovery. It allows better functioning markets and regulation of supply and demand. 

2) Conceptual perspective 

 The elements of information technology are a wider area or aspect of study and it deals with the dissemination or transfer of data (information) from one computer device to another for user’s consumption. The nature and form in which communication is done, filed and processed and stored in computer directories and are sent in emails to other company personnel and this can be done locally with local area networks or over the internet. Communication can be made possible when the hardware and software are integrated to enable a user to communicate, Automobile technologies and computerized systems are employed in security systems of banking, severance cameras to help monitoring and an underlying managed central system will be setup. Organizational performance refers to the level of achievement made from the activities of the organization and majorly measured in terms of the rate at which the major objectives of the organizational are reached. The organizational annual earnings after tax, customer increase, sales margin, inefficiency in supply , market share and general environment internally and externally when evaluated can describe the better picture of the company whether it is performing well or bad.